PAPUA 2026
APRIL
daftar sumber informasi
oleh
Theo van den Broek
**
Catatan khusus: karena kami tidak akan ada di Papua, selama bulan Mei, Juni dan Juli tidak akan ada “Update Bulanan Berita Papua”. Mohon dimaklumi. TvdB
**
[1] PERHATIAN UTAMA:
· ISYU-ISYU PENTING
Talking Indonesia: Papua, Development, and Politics From Below:
https://pusaka.or.id/en/riset_investigation/annual-notes-2025-why-dont-you-kill-us-once/
[see more detailed information dibawah “Bahan Refleksi” bagian akhir update ini]
BBC News Indonesia
Papua: Kisah lansia lumpuh dan anak yang tewas ditembak di Dogiyai
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/c7471m079zlo
· INSIDENTAL / MONTHLY / QUARTERLY REPORT
'Laporan Tragedi Berdarah di Puncak - Papua Tengah'
WALHI Newsletter vol 7 2026 covering December 2026 – March 2026
The Role of International Humanitarian Law in the Conflict with the West Papua Liberation Army | Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure :
https://lawpolicyjournal.id/index.php/dejure/article/view/5501
NY Book Talk: The First Right: Self-Determination and the Transformation of International Order, 1941–2000: https://www.nysean.org/events/the-first-right-self-determination-and-the-transformation-of-international-order-1941-2000
· ANNUAL REPORT
Laporan Tahunan 2025 oleh ALDP [Aliansi Demokrasi untuk Papua]
[2] KEAMANAN dan GERAKAN TNI/POLRI dan TPNPB dan GERAKAN SIPIL
· Umum
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/23/breaking-news-kasus-kembru-disusul-rumah-warga-dibakar/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/16/terekam-cctv-dua-pelaku-pembakar-rsud-madi-diburu-polres-paniai/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/14/kemenham-ri-fokus-penyelesaian-tragedi-dogiyai-berdarah/
https://fajarpapua.com/2026/04/13/pos-brimob-dibakar-kelompok-massa-yang-bertikai-di-kwamki-narama/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/03/srp-rilis-data-insiden-dogiyai-berdarah-31-maret-2-april-2026/
https://jubi.id/polhukam/2026/lp3bh-duga-terjadi-kejahatan-terhadap-kemanusiaan-di-dogiyai/
· aksi-aksi bersenjata
https://fajarpapua.com/2026/04/29/lagi-dua-warga-ditembak-kkb-di-dekai-yahukimo/
https://www.tempo.co/politik/satgas-habema-klaim-tak-ada-operasi-saat-anak-kecil-ditembak-2130069
https://regional.kompas.com/read/2026/04/16/052744478/diserang-saat-patroli-satgas-damai-cartenz-terlibat-kontak-tembak-dengan KKB di Yahukimo.
https://jubi.id/meepago/2026/tiga-warga-di-dogiyai-dilaporkan-tewas-ditembak/
KASUS UTAMA: Warga Sipil di Kembru dan Pogoma ditembak mati oleh TNI
Protes Menyikapi Situasi Puncak Papua 20 April 2026:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1FLke_sCtigcjBTYxk5EEJ9M_CNm8wwVy
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/22/insiden-kembru-berdarah-dilaporkan-ke-menteri-ham-ri/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/21/puncak-berdarah-pasukan-militer-membantai-warga-sipil/
https://jubi.id/meepago/2026/operasi-militer-di-puncak-manusia-hingga-hewan-ditembaki/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/18/warga-sipil-di-puncak-mengaku-ditembak-tentara/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/16/lagi-8-warga-sipil-di-kembru-dan-pogoma-tewas-tiga-anak-tertembak/
· Gerakan sipil
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/30/breaking-news-perempuan-papua-bersatu-turun-jalan/
Press Release oleh Rumah Solidaritas Papua; suatu koalisi LSM besar/penting di Jakarta, mengenai eskalasi kekerasan di Papua:
Pernyataan oleh PGI [Pweresatuan Gereja Indonesia] berkaitan dengan kasus Bokondini di Papua
Pers Release tanggapan ALDP berhubungan dengan peristiwa Puncak dan Dogiyai - https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ui=2&ik=e0eca5c73b&attid=0.1&permmsgid=msg-a:r2924151902885775460&th=19db4341d084e023&view=att&disp=safe&realattid=19db433bdc71baaf9641&zw
https://jubi.id/polhukam/2026/perempuan-kingmi-negara-mesti-bertanggungjawab-dalam-peristiwa-puncak/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/03/imapa-jakarta-tuntut-tarik-pasukan-militer-dari-dogiyai/
https://jubi.id/rilis-pers/2026/koalisi-desak-hentikan-operasi-balas-dendam-di-dogiyai/
· gerakan pasukan/aparat keamanan
https://humanrightsmonitor.org/case/arbitrary-detention-of-two-papuans-in-south-sorong-regency/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/20/tni-polri-langgar-kesepakatan-dengan-tpnpb/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/20/fakta-operasi-penyerangan-warga-sipil-di-wilayah-aman/
https://regional.kompas.com/read/2026/04/16/052744478/diserang-saat-patroli-satgas-damai-cartenz-terlibat-kontak-tembak-dengan KKB di Yahukimo.
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/14/tni-polri-bidik-pergerakan-aibon-kogoya-di-persembunyian/
[3] PENGUNGSI-PENGUNGSI DI PAPUA / SUASANA WILAYAH KONFLIK
Jumlah pengungsi: foto https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ui=2&ik=e0eca5c73b&attid=0.1&permmsgid=msg-a:r7223979401767248817&th=19dc7232e79ff884&view=att&disp=safe&realattid=19dc7231080a14c33b91&zw
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/04/tiga-kampung-kosong-warga-mengungsi-ke-lokasi-aman/
[4] OTSUS / PEMEKARAN / TRANSMIGRASI / KEPENDUDUKAN
https://www.nabire.net/ini-tanggapan-ketua-mrp-papua-tengah-soal-ketidakhadiran-di-musrenbang-otsus/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/20/jumlah-penduduk-di-papua-tengah-dirilis-138-juta-jiwa/
[5] HUKUM – HAM – KEADILAN
· sekitar kasus kriminalisasi dan persidangan pengadilan
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/14/sidang-kedua-gugatan-proyek-jalan-merauke-masuk-tahap-dismissal/
· sekitar hak kebebasan ekspresi dan pendapat
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/29/pater-amandus-rahadat-perjelas-isu-tni-datangi-pastoran-katedral/
· sekitar hak-hak lainnya
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/22/insiden-kembru-komnas-ham-wajib-selidiki-dugaan-pelanggaran-berat/
[6] PENDIDIKAN
· sekitar program ‘makan bergizi gratis’
· sekitar beasiswa
· sekitar policies & program
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/21/cpap-unicef-dorong-pendidikan-dan-kesehatan-anak/
[7] KESEHATAN
https://koran.tempo.co/read/lingkungan/497789/ancaman-bagi-kesehatan-masyarakat-adat
https://www.tempo.co/politik/tpnpb-opm-klaim-tutup-akses-tenaga-medis-indonesia-di-papua-2129724
[8] EKONOMI RAKYAT - PERUSAHAAN [ TERMASUK AGROBUSINESS ] – PSN
· Sekitar Perjuangan Hak dan Usaha Ekonomi Rakyat dan Kebijakan Umum
· Sekitar pertambangan dan minyak/gas/nikel/batu bara; termasuk pertambangan illegal, illegal loging dan pendirian pabrik macam-macam
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/07/ketua-opm-mendukung-penuh-aksi-tutup-pt-freeport/
· Sekitar Proyek Strategis Nasional [PSN] termasuk Food Estate & Perikanan Industrial
· Sekitar Industri Sawit
[9] LINGKUNGAN – DEFORESTASI – IKLIM
Newsletter WALHI covering priod December 2025-March 2026 https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ui=2&ik=e0eca5c73b&attid=0.1&permmsgid=msg-f:1863047692120275408&th=19dae0015070b9d0&view=att&disp=safe&realattid=f_mo81iuvd0&zw
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/06/simulasi-data-kerusakan-hutan-dan-dampak-deforestasi-di-indonesia/
https://www.tempo.co/lingkungan/luas-deforestasi-melonjak-2025-banjir-sumatera-2126156
[10] MENUJU “PAPUA TANAH DAMAI”
· sekitar analisa konflik
Gambaran rangkuman konflik di Papua 2026: https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ui=2&ik=e0eca5c73b&attid=0.1&permmsgid=msg-a:r-5899639760309210420&th=19db8802676ebe9c&view=att&disp=safe&realattid=19db87fc71f91dad17a1&zw
Pernyataan Papua Darurat Kemanusiaan - KNPB
https://www.facebook.com/share/18PnsrP6nJ/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/19/knpb-nyatakan-papua-zona-darurat-militer-dan-kemanusiaan/
https://jubi.id/rilis-pers/2026/knpb-nyatakan-sikap-terhadap-situasi-tanah-papua/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/03/selpius-bobii-telusuri-motif-gila-tragedi-berdarah-di-dogiyai/
https://wagadei.id/2026/04/02/ulmwp-kutuk-keras-kebiadaban-tni-polri-di-dogiyai/
· sekitar gerakan perdamaian
https://jubi.id/rilis-pers/2026/knpb-hentikan-operasi-militer-dan-pengiriman-pasukan-di-tanah-papua/
[11] GERAKAN PEMERINTAH PAPUA
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/29/empat-tuntutan-rakyat-papua-diterima-dprp-papua-pegunungan/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/28/perjuangkan-aspirasi-rakyat-anggota-dprk-paniai-luruskan-tudingan/
https://www.nabire.net/raker-mrp-se-tanah-papua-hasilkan-13-rekomendasi-penting-untuk-oap/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/23/murib-tegaskan-pentingnya-keselamatan-masyarakat-sipil-di-puncak/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/06/kekosongan-jabatan-wabup-nduga-hpmn-roda-pemerintah-timpang/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/05/dlhp-tambrauw-perusahaan-fokus-sedot-cpo-tumpah-di-pulau-miossu/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/01/lppd-papua-tengah-2025-ipm-dan-kesejahteraan-masyarakat-meningkat/
[12] GERAKAN PEMERINTAH INDONESIA
NASIONAL
· umum
https://www.tempo.co/politik/peringatan-hari-buruh-may-day-prabowo-2132885
https://www.tempo.co/prelude/sampul-tempo-besar-utang-daripada-tiang-2131727
https://upeks.co.id/2026/04/aktivis-90-an-angkat-bicara-tuntut-investigasi-penyerangan-kampus-umi/
https://www.tempo.co/politik/anggota-dprp-kritik-kunjungan-wapres-gibran-ke-papua-tengah-2131024
Khusus sekitar program nasional MakanBergiziGratis
https://www.tempo.co/politik/penjelasan-lkpp-pengadaan-aneh-bgn-2130204
https://www.tempo.co/politik/temuan-icw-guru-laporkan-banyak-masalah-akibat-mbg-2129779
https://rmol.id/nusantara/read/2026/04/15/703841/bgn-bantah-hapus-pemberian-susu-dalam-program-mbg
https://rmol.id/publika/read/2026/04/14/703810/proyek-it-misterius-rp1-2-triliun-bgn
https://www.gelora.co/2026/04/heboh-dugaan-rp419-triliun-untuk.html untuk piring dan sendok
https://www.tempo.co/politik/bgn-semir-dan-sikat-sepatu-bagian-fasilitas-sppi-2129780
https://www.tempo.co/politik/bgn-hamburkan-rp-1-5-miliar-buat-beli-sikat-dan-semir-sepatu-2129673
https://www.tempo.co/politik/rekomendasi-akademisi-pemerintahan-prabowo-2129610
https://www.tempo.co/prelude/sampul-tempo-merger-nasdem-gerindra-2128325
https://www.tempo.co/politik/pemangkasan-anggaran-pecat-pppk-2126356
https://suarapapua.com/2026/03/26/panggung-wayang-jakarta-saat-keadilan-menjadi-barang-mewah/
Ikut-ikutan pimpinan Indonesia : https://www.facebook.com/share/p/187x49KzY5/
https://news.galamandiri.com/news/lain-bicara-saham-tapi-masyarakat-sedang-susah-karena-tailing/
· sekitar ‘negara hukum’ termasuk demokrasi
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2026/04/30/11524861/mahfud-md-nilai-kinerja-komnas-ham-mundur
Khusus berkaitan dengan Kasus Andrei Yunus – serangan dengan air keras
https://koran.tempo.co/read/hukum/497745/temuan-terbaru-penyiraman-air-keras-terhadap-andrie-yunus
https://koran.tempo.co/read/hukum/497300/teror-air-keras-andrie-yunus-peradilan-umum
https://koran.tempo.co/read/hukum/497314/impunitas-tni-dalam-penyidikan-teror-air-keras-andrie-yunus
https://koran.tempo.co/read/hukum/497300/teror-air-keras-andrie-yunus-peradilan-umum
Raperda Hukum Dalam Masyarakat Penghubung Antara Nilai Adat Dan Hukum Negara | Jubi Papua https://share.google/0XbDz0noN1uEjBa8j
· sekitar demokrasi dan Gerakan TNI/Polri
Implikasi Militerisme terhadap Demokrasi Lokal
https://www.tempo.co/kolom/militerisme-retret-ketua-dprd-2131314
· sekitar politik umum, termasuk secara khusus kebijakan berkaitan Papua
https://magz.tempo.co/read/cover-story/44187/debt-traps-after-regional-budget-cuts
https://magz.tempo.co/read/opinion/44199/reckless-policies-and-economic-crisis
https://www.tempo.co/ekonomi/rekrutmen-manajer-koperasi-merah-putih-2131037
https://magz.tempo.co/read/opinion/44175/policy-failures-and-rising-risk-from-forest-fires
INTERNASIONAL
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/26/pbb-perlu-investigasi-kasus-penembakan-warga-sipil-di-tanah-papua/
https://nit.com.au/22-04-2026/23841/more-deaths-following-latest-military-action-in-west-papua
https://www.teaonews.co.nz/2026/04/15/nz-urged-to-respond-to-civilian-killings-in-west-papua/
https://islandsbusiness.com/news-break/wale-provides-lone-voice-on-west-papua/
https://www.tempo.co/politik/akses-militer-amerika-ruang-udara-2129300
https://www.jpnn.com/news/papua-pasifik-dan-ketahanan-adat
https://jubi.id/mamta/2026/yosepha-alomang-saya-sudah-sakit-mata-tak-bisa-lihat/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/06/umat-katolik-papua-ajak-uskup-merauke-bangkit-dari-kematian/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/02/jejak-kata-jejak-rasa-jejak-peradaban-dalam-sebuah-tabung-bambu-2/
https://suarapapua.com/2026/04/01/jejak-kata-jejak-rasa-jejak-peradaban-dalam-sebuah-tabung-bambu-1/
Jayapura, 1 Mei 2026
Theo van den Broek
***
[bahan refleksi: lihat halaman-halaman berikut]
BAHAN REFLEKSI
https://pusaka.or.id/en/riset_investigation/annual-notes-2025-why-dont-you-kill-us-once/
2025 Year-End Report: Why don’t you kill us once?
In January 2026, Yayasan Pusaka Bentala Rakyat published its 2025 year-end report entitled “Why don’t you kill us once?” One Year of Looting of Papua’s Nature,” drawing on the expressions and lived experiences of Indigenous Papuans throughout 2025. This report constitutes a reflection on collective praxis, encompassing community accompaniment, advocacy, participatory mapping and recognition of customary territories, as well as research and campaigning at both national and international levels.
The report is structured into eleven interrelated sections. Collectively, these writings examine the modalities through which the state and corporate actors orchestrate the extraction and dispossession of Papua’s natural resources, and the consequent impacts on Indigenous livelihoods and ecological systems. Other sections document the diverse forms of resistance enacted by Indigenous communities, including practices of self-preservation and struggles articulated through multiple solidarities.
The report opens by foregrounding the role of National Strategic Projects (PSN) as juridical instruments facilitating industrial expansion, under the section titled “Occupation and Takeover of Living Spaces in Papua” As a legacy of the previous administration, PSN has not merely persisted but has been further consolidated and expanded under the Prabowo–Gibran administration. Ten large-scale projects—ranging from transportation infrastructure, energy industrialization in Bintuni Bay and Fakfak, to a massive food estate project in Merauke—have been imposed through expedited regulatory processes that systematically exclude Indigenous participation. This condition is exacerbated by an intensifying and institutionalized militarization. The deployment of tens of thousands of Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) personnel, alongside the establishment of new territorial commands, has effectively constituted an infrastructure of occupation aimed at suppressing popular resistance. Field data indicates that the deployment of troops across PSN strategic zones—including Wanam District, Tanah Miring, and Jagebob in Merauke, as well as Boven Digoel—has been consistently accompanied by intimidation and violence. Meanwhile, local political authorities function largely as extensions of central government interests.
This condition is further legitimized by political discourses that exhibit strong anti-intellectual tendencies. In a public statement, President Prabowo suggested that concerns over deforestation driven by oil palm expansion are unwarranted, arguing that oil palm plantations also “absorb carbon dioxide.” By equating heterogeneous tropical rainforests with monoculture plantations, the state effectively erases the ecological reality that natural forests are complex living systems, sustaining biodiversity while constituting the socio-cultural and spiritual foundations of Indigenous life. The material consequences of this epistemic framing are evident. Throughout 2025, deforestation in Papua reached 45,095 hectares. In response, Indigenous communities have mobilized various forms of resistance. In Merauke, for instance, the struggle of Vincent Kwipalo—an environmental human rights defender leading the Kwipalo clan against the expansion of PT Murni Nusantara Mandiri (MNM) in Jagebob District—illustrates localized resistance. Amid PSN encroachment, which has appropriated nearly one-fifth of their concession area, the Kwipalo clan undertook participatory mapping initiatives to document their territorial histories and governance systems. They also established the “Khem Patrol” as a collective strategy for safeguarding and sustaining their life-support systems. Similarly, in Boven Digoel, the Wambon Kenemopte Indigenous community has pursued formal legal recognition despite pressures from logging company PT Bade Makmur Orissa and palm oil company PT Indo Agro Daya Adimulia (IDA). These dynamics are elaborated in the section “Forests are Diminishing Every Day, Our Future is Sold.”
The state’s systematic disregard for Indigenous sovereignty is poignantly expressed in the recurring statement: “We feel as though we are not citizens.” This articulation reflects the lived experiences of communities whose fundamental rights have been effectively dispossessed. During the first year of the Prabowo–Gibran administration, state power has been primarily oriented toward elite consolidation, exemplified by the formation of an oversized cabinet. Rather than enhancing governance effectiveness, this bureaucratic expansion has facilitated patronage politics and produced systemic violence across Papua. Our findings document at least sixteen cases of environmental and human rights violations in 2025 across Merauke, Wamena, Sorong, and Raja Ampat. The state has thus failed not only in its protective function but has also constructed narratives portraying Papuans as passive recipients of development, obscuring the reality that such development actively undermines their sovereignty. This is further examined in “We Feel Like We Are Not Citizens: Do Not Ask About FPIC (Free, Prior, and Informed Consent).”
Papuan women represent one of the most disproportionately affected groups within these extractive processes. In the sections “Talking About Liberation from Suffering: Stories about Violence and Resistance of Papuan Women” and “Critical Notes on One Year of Reflection on Women’s Organizing Works by Pusaka Bentala Rakyat,” we document how processes of organizing and emancipation are deeply entangled with systemic violence. Cases such as the killing of Hetina Mirip in Intan Jaya—who was shot and burned by security forces in front of her child—and the death of Irene Sokoy due to discriminatory denial of healthcare services illustrate this violence. Environmental degradation, including the loss of sago groves and clean water sources, has forced mothers to substitute breast milk with sugar water due to declining nutrition. Meanwhile, plantation camps introduce new health risks and exacerbate domestic violence through transformations in social, economic, and ecological relations. Nevertheless, Papuan women continue to enact forms of resistance. In Wehali and Magis villages in South Sorong Highlands, for example, women cultivate taro, sweet potatoes, and legumes as strategies of survival. These practices occur in tension with state-imposed “Protected Forest” designations established since the 1990s. In response to escalating systemic violence, participatory and inclusive organizing methodologies have been employed, including embodied approaches such as “body mapping” to identify sources of physical and psychological harm. Resistance strategies are further developed through the Cooking-Up Political Agenda (CUPA) and Feminist Economic Solidarity (FES) frameworks, which transform everyday practices into sites of political agency. These reflections underscore the necessity of engaging with layered vulnerabilities in organizing processes.
The dispossession of Indigenous territories in Papua is also deeply embedded in what may be termed autocratic legalism—the instrumentalization of law to consolidate elite interests. Through the Omnibus Law on Job Creation, PSN has been institutionalized as a mechanism for systematically eroding Indigenous constitutional rights. This is exemplified in rice and sugar plantation projects in Merauke, where environmental feasibility documents were only issued in September 2025, despite prior large-scale deforestation and operationalization of heavy machinery. Testimony presented by Liborius Moiwend before the Constitutional Court vividly illustrates these impacts, describing the destruction of wetlands and forests that once sustained subsistence practices, now replaced by a 135-kilometer militarized corridor. This legal regime operates through regulatory revisions that weaken oversight mechanisms, including the 2021 amendment to the Special Autonomy Law, which curtailed the authority of the Papuan People’s Assembly (MRP), and Ministerial Decree No. 591/2025, which enables large-scale forest reclassification without legislative or Indigenous consent. These issues are further elaborated in “Testing Constitutionalism and Human Rights” and “One Year of Indonesia’s Development Law in Papua.”
At the international level, President Prabowo has actively positioned Indonesia as a global hub for food and energy security, including in his address to the 80th United Nations General Assembly in September 2025. This narrative emphasizes record national food reserves underpinned by ambitious self-sufficiency projects in Papua. However, such representations obscure the destructive realities on the ground, where these projects encroach upon natural forests and Indigenous territories belonging to the Malind and Yeinan peoples. This global narrative functions to secure international legitimacy and attract green investment, while simultaneously silencing Indigenous voices. In response, civil society actors have mobilized international advocacy mechanisms, including urgent appeals to the United Nations, which prompted formal communications from UN Special Rapporteurs to the Indonesian government and corporations such as PT Global Papua Abadi. Data indicates that land clearing in Merauke reached 26,956 hectares by November 2025, without adherence to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) principles. This is discussed further in “International Advocacy News: Ensuring State Accountability to International Commitments.”
These dynamics are not isolated but are deeply interconnected with broader processes across the Global South. In “Agrofuel Capitalism and Anti-Land Grabbing Struggles,” we highlight how the global transition away from fossil fuels has generated new waves of enclosure, particularly in Brazil. The expansion of sugarcane plantations by agrofuel corporations such as Raízen has contributed to the slow destruction of the Guarani-Kaiowá people, manifesting in displacement, malnutrition, and rising suicide rates. Similar patterns are evident in Papua, where the state deploys narratives of “idle land” to legitimize corporate concessions and sever Indigenous access to subsistence resources. Across both regions, agrofuel capitalism restructures land relations while producing a “reserve army of labor” among dispossessed Indigenous populations.
Indigenous resistance in Papua assumes diverse forms. In “The Red Cross Movement: Those Who Fight and Defend Their Living Spaces,” we document the emergence of a collective consciousness that increasingly rejects reliance on state law. Throughout 2025, the Red Cross Movement expanded as a socio-religious formation integrating customary practices, spirituality, and political ecology. This movement advances a holistic conception of land as a spiritual and intergenerational entity, in contrast to capitalist commodification. The Awyu people, for instance, have installed more than 1,800 red crosses marking customary boundaries and sacred sites across Fofi District and Boven Digoel Regency. Our findings record at least fourteen such actions throughout 2025, with further expansion anticipated in response to PSN-driven displacement.
Finally, in From the “Frontier of Extraction to the Arena of Solidarity: Papua in Social Movement Network in Southeast Asia,” we situate Papuan resistance within broader regional solidarities. Southeast Asia has emerged as a key site of global industrial relocation, driving extractive expansion and dispossession. These processes are accompanied by increasingly repressive governance and the criminalization of environmental defenders. Through platforms such as the ASEAN People’s Forum and the Asia Environmental Human Rights Defenders Forum (EHRD), Papua is being reframed from a question of separatism to one of ecological justice and corporate accountability. Thailand and Timor-Leste function as strategic nodes within this network—Thailand as an infrastructural hub facilitating knowledge exchange and protection mechanisms, and Timor-Leste as a moral voice grounded in its historical struggle against colonialism.
Taken together, the eleven sections of this report offer a critical reflection on the erosion of Indigenous sovereignty under extractive development regimes. PSN operates as an apparatus of occupation through militarization, legal manipulation, and systematic disregard for human rights. Papua’s rainforests—foundational to both material and spiritual life—are reduced to carbon commodities and monocultural production zones. The experiences of Papuan women, large-scale deforestation, and the criminalization of environmental defenders such as Vincent Kwipalo underscore that state-led self-sufficiency narratives are underpinned by profound socio-ecological destruction. Yet, 2025 also marks the emergence of new, more organic, and globally interconnected sites of resistance, embedded within wider struggles across the Global South and Southeast Asia.
In conclusion, Yayasan Pusaka Bentala Rakyat asserts that the tragic events in Papua throughout 2025 represent a systematic plunder of nature, structured through state legal frameworks. The design of extractive and racially discriminatory economic policies, supported by legal instruments, has positioned Indigenous Papuans—and their lands, forests, and waters—as objects of continuous exploitation. Borrowing from Vandana Shiva, this condition may be understood as a form of ecological apartheid.
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